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Izixazululo zeMop Ezilahlwayo Zamagumbi Okuhlanza Nezindawo Ezilawulwayo
Ukukhetha i-mop elahlwayo Amakamelo okuhlanza adinga ukunakwa okuqinile ezindinganisweni zomthetho. I-ISO 14644-18:2023 kanye ne-EU GMP Annex 1 zigqamisa ukungazali, ukuhambisana kwamakhemikhali, kanye nokukhishwa kwezinhlayiya okuphansi. Izikhungo zivame ukukhethaama-mop pad alahlwayo noma ama-mop ezokwelapha alahlwayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho. Ama-mop pad alahlwayo kumele imelane nezibulala-magciwane futhi inciphise ukungcola.
Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele
- Khetha Ama-mop alahlwayo ezenziwe ngezinto ezinciphayo njengei-microfiber noma i-polyester ukunciphisa ukungcola nokuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zegumbi lokuhlanza.
- Qondanisa izinhlobo ze-mop kanye nezindlela zokuhlanza nesigaba se-ISO segumbi lakho lokuhlanza ukuze ugcine ukulawula okufanelekile kwezinhlayiya futhi uhambisane nemithethonqubo.
- Sebenzisa izindlela zokuhlanza ezifanele njengokumanzisa ngaphambi kokusebenzisa Ikhanda Lokusulas, izinhlelo zamabhakede amabili, kanye nokushintsha njalo i-mop ukuvimbela ukungcoliswa okuphambene nokuqinisekisa ukuhlanzwa okuphumelelayo.
Ukukhethwa Kwe-Mop Elahlwayo kanye Nokuhlukaniswa Kwegumbi Lokuhlanza
Amakilasi Egumbi Lokuhlanza Nokufaneleka Kwawo
Ukuhlukaniswa kwegumbi lokuhlanza kuchaza amazinga aphezulu kakhulu avumelekile okushisa emoyeni futhi kubeka amazinga okulawula ukungcola. Amakilasi e-ISO asukela ku-ISO 1, edinga izinga eliphezulu lokuhlanzeka, kuya ku-ISO 9, evumela izinhlayiya eziningi. Amakilasi aphansi e-ISO adinga izinyathelo eziqinile, njengokushintsha komoya njalo kanye nezinqubo eziphelele zokugqoka. Lezi zidingo ziqinisekisa ukuthi izindawo zihlala zifanelekile emisebenzini yokukhiqiza noma yocwaningo ebucayi.
| Ikilasi le-ISO | Inani Eliphezulu Lezinhlayiya (nge-m³ ngayinye) | Izinga Lokushintsha Komoya (ngehora) | Uhlobo Lokuhamba Komoya | Izidingo Zezingubo Zabasebenzi |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I-ISO 1 | ~izinhlayiya eziyi-10 ≥0.1 µm | 500–750+ | Iqonde ngqo (i-Laminar) | Isudi ephelele, izibuko, amagilavu, umshini wokuphefumula |
| I-ISO 2 | ~izinhlayiya eziyi-100 ≥0.1 µm | 480–720 | Isiqondiso esisodwa | Isudi ephelele, izibuko, amagilavu |
| I-ISO 3 | ~izinhlayiya eziyi-1,000 ≥0.1 µm | 400–600 | Ngokuvamile iqondiswa ohlangothini olulodwa | Ingubo ephelele, isembozo sezinwele, amagilavu |
| I-ISO 4 | ~izinhlayiya ezingu-10,000 ≥0.1 µm | 300–450 | Ukugeleza komoya okuxubile | Ingubo egcwele enesembozo namagilavu |
| I-ISO 5 | ~izinhlayiya eziyi-100,000 ≥0.1 µm | 240–360 | Ixutshwe nezindawo ezi-laminar | Ingubo, imaski yobuso, inethi yezinwele, amagilavu |
| I-ISO 6 | ~izinhlayiya eziyi-1,000,000 ≥0.1 µm | 90–180 | Akuyona indlela eyodwa | Inethi yezinwele, ijazi lelebhu, amagilavu |
| I-ISO 7 | ~izinhlayiya eziyi-10,000,000 ≥0.5 µm | 60–120 | Akuyona indlela eyodwa | I-smock, izembozo zezicathulo, isembozo sezinwele |
| I-ISO 8 | ~izinhlayiya ezingu-35,200,000 ≥0.5 µm | 10–25 | Akuyona indlela eyodwa | Okuncane: inethi yezinwele, izingubo zelebhu eziyisisekelo |
| I-ISO 9 | ~izinhlayiya ezingu-352,000,000 ≥0.5 µm | I-HVAC Ejwayelekile | Akukho ukugqokwa okukhethekile |
Umthelela Wokuhlukaniswa Kokukhetha I-Mop Elahlwayo
Ukuhlukaniswa kwegumbi lokuhlanza kuthonya ngqo ukukhethwa kwezixazululo ze-mop ezilahlwayo. Izikhungo ezisebenza ezindaweni ze-ISO 7 kumele zilawule izinhlayiya ezisemoyeni, zikhawulele inani lezinhlayiya ezingu-352,000 ngemitha eyi-cubic yezinhlayiya ezingu-≥0.5 micrometer. Izinto ze-mop ezifana i-microfiber noma i-polyester Kusiza ekunciphiseni ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlayiya ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo eziphansi zokubopha kanye nokungachithi. Imiklamo ye-mop kufanele ikhulise ukuxhumana kwendawo futhi inciphise ukuphazamiseka komoya ukuze ibambe ukungcola ngempumelelo.
- Izinto zokugaya kumele zihambisane nephansi futhi zikwazi ukumelana nokubulala amagciwane noma ukuwasha ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ubuqotho.
- Izixazululo ze-mop ezilahlwayo njenge-Texwipe AlphaMop™, i-HydroFlex Cleanroom MopHead, kanye ne-Berkshire Cleanroom Mops ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso ze-ISO 14644-1 kanye ne-GMP.
- Ukukhetha kuncike emikhawulweni yezinhlayiya zegumbi lokuhlanza, uhlobo lokugeleza komoya, kanye nezidingo zokugqoka.
Izikhungo kumele zivumelanise izixazululo ze-mop nekilasi lazo legumbi lokuhlanza ukuze zigcine ukuthobela imithetho nokuvikela ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo.
Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele Ngezixazululo Zokusula Ama-Mop
Ukuhambisana Kwezinto Ezibonakalayo Nokuchitheka Kwezinhlayiya
Ukukhetha indwangu efanele yokuhlanza kubalulekile ekugcineni ubuqotho begumbi lokuhlanza. I-Microfiber, i-polyester ethungiwe, kanye nezindwangu ezingalukiwe zikhipha izinhlayiya ezimbalwa kakhulu, okwenza zibe zilungele izindawo ezilawulwayo. Izimbozo ze-mop ezenziwe nge-polyester engcolile noma izinto ezincane ezilahlayo zinikeza ukuchithwa kwezinhlayiya eziphansi kakhulu futhi zihlangabezana nezindinganiso ze-USP 797. Ama-mop e-microfiber anemiphetho evalwe ngokushisa afanelana namakamelo okuhlanza e-ISO 1-5, kuyilapho izinketho ze-polyester ezithungiwe zisebenza kahle ezindaweni ze-ISO 7-8. Izinto ezikhipha ukungcola ezimile zisiza ukuvimbela ukukhishwa kwe-electrostatic, okunciphisa kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlayiya.
| Indlela Yokuhlola | Isimiso / Incazelo | Ukulungiselela Isampula kanye Nokuphakathi | Amasu Okulinganisa Izinhlayiya | Amazinga/Amanothi Afanele |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ukuhlolwa Kwebhareli Eligoqekayo | Ukushukunyiswa komshini ngaphansi kwezimo ezomile ngokujikeleza izinto esigubheni sensimbi engagqwali ku-10 RPM. | Izinto ezifakwe ngaphakathi kwedrama; izimo ezomile. | Ikhawunta yezinhlayiya ze-laser exhunywe kuthubhu lokuhlola; ukubalwa kwezinhlayiya emoyeni ngobukhulu obungu-0.3 kuya ku-5.0 µm. | Ibizwa nangokuthi iHelmke Drum Test; IEST-RP-CC003.3 references; ukubalwa kwezinhlayiya ezithathwa ngezikhawu zemizuzu eyi-1 imizuzu eyi-10. |
| Ukuhlolwa Kokunyakazisa Kwe-Biaxial | Ukushukunyiswa komshini ngokushukumisa isampula eceleni noma phezulu-phansi ekumisweni koketshezi. | I-Wiper ilenga emanzini e-DI, i-surfactant, noma ingxube yamanzi e-IPA/DI; ukuxubha okuthambile kuya kokunamandla. | Ikhawunta Yezinhlayiya Eziwuketshezi (i-LPC); i-microscopy ebonakalayo; i-scanning electron microscopy (i-SEM). | IEST-RP-CC004.2; ilingisa ukunyakaza okuphindaphindiwe; ama-surfactant angaphazamisa i-LPC ngenxa yamabhamuza. |
| Ukuhlolwa Kokunyakazisa Kwe-Orbital | Ukunyakaza okujikelezayo oketshezini ukuze kufanekise ukusetshenziswa okunamandla ngaphandle kokuchaphaza. | Kufana ne-biaxial kodwa kusetshenziswa i-orbital shaker; izixazululo ze-surfactant zivunyelwe ngenxa yokuhlunga ngaphambi kokuhlaziywa. | I-LPC, ukubalwa kwezinhlayiya ezibonakalayo, i-SEM. | Ivumela indawo yoketshezi eguquguqukayo; kungcono ukuhlolwa kwe-SEM; ukusetshenziswa kwe-surfactant kuhambisana nokuhlunga. |
| Ukubalwa Kwezinhlayiya Zoketshezi (i-LPC) | Ukubalwa kwezinhlayiya ekumisweni koketshezi ngemva kokushukunyiswa. | Isampula yoketshezi ihlungiwe noma ihlaziywe ngqo ngemva kokuphazamiseka. | Izibali zezinhlayiya ezisekelwe ku-laser ezithola izinhlayiya >0.5 µm. | Kusetshenziswa kanye nokuhlolwa kokushukuma; ama-surfactant angabangela ukuphazamiseka kokubala. |
| I-Microscopy Yokubona | Ukubala imicu nezinhlayiya ezihlungini ngemva kokomisa amasampula oketshezi. | Imicu ebanjwe ephepheni lokuhlunga elihlanganisiwe, yomiswe ngaphambi kokubalwa. | I-microscope ebonakalayo yobukhulu befayibha isukela ku-20–100 µm kanye no->100 µm. | Indlela Yokuhlola ye-Texwipe (TN22); idinga ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlayiya okufanayo kusihlungi. |
| Ukuskena i-Electron Microscopy (SEM) | Ukubalwa kwezinhlayiya ezibucayi kakhulu kanye nefayibha kumasampula ahlungiwe. | Amasampula ahlungiwe, omisiwe, afakwe kuma-SEM stubs; ukufana kuhlolwa kuqala nge-optical microscopy. | I-SEM yokuhlukanisa usayizi wezinhlayiya ngezigaba kanye nokubalwa kwefayibha. | I-ASTM E2090-12 ejwayelekile ebhekiselwe kuyo; ivumela ukubalwa okuqondile okuhlukanisiwe kosayizi. |
Icebiso: Ukumanzisa ikhanda le-mop ngesibulali-magciwane kunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlayiya ngesikhathi sokuhlanza futhi kusekela ukulawulwa kokungcola.
Umklamo Wekhanda Le-Mop kanye Nokumbozwa Komphezulu
Ukwakheka kwekhanda le-mop kuthinta ngqo ukusebenza kahle kokuhlanza kanye nokumbozwa kwendawo. Amakhanda e-flat mop aqinisekisa ukuthintana okungcono nezindawo zaphansi, kunciphisa izindawo ezingatholakali. Izinto ze-Microfiber kanye ne-polyester zithuthukisa ukususwa kwezinhlayiya futhi zinciphise ukungcola. Ukushisela kwe-Ultrasonic kuvikela izendlalelo zendwangu, kuvimbela ukungcola kwefayibha futhi kugcine ukungazali. Izendlalelo ze-foam core zithuthukisa ukususwa kwenhlabathi kanye nezinsalela. Ubude bezibambo ezilungisekayo bunciphisa ukucindezeleka komqhubi futhi buvumela ukusebenza kokuhlanza okuqhubekayo.
| Isici Sokuklama | Ithonya Ekumbozweni Komphezulu Nokusebenza Kahle Kokuhlanza |
|---|---|
| Umklamo wekhanda le-flat mop | Iqinisekisa ukuthintana okungcono nezindawo zaphansi, inciphisa izindawo ezingabanjwanga futhi ithuthukise ukumbozwa. |
| Izinto ze-Microfiber/polyester | Ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwezinhlayiya kanye nokungaphumi, kunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwezinhlayiya kanye nokuthuthukisa ukususwa kwezinhlayiya. |
| Ukushisela kwe-Ultrasonic | Kuvimbela ukungcoliswa kwefayibha ngokubopha izingqimba zendwangu ngokuphephile, kugcina ukungazali. |
| Izendlalelo ze-foam core | Thuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuhlanza ngokuthuthukisa ukususwa kwenhlabathi kanye nezinsalela. |
| Ubude besibambo obulungisekayo | Kunciphisa ukucindezeleka komqhubi, okuvumela ukulawula okungcono kanye nokusebenza kokuhlanza okuqhubekayo. |
| Ukuhambisana nephansi | Iqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-mop ezindaweni ezibushelelezi nezinobuthuntu, okwenza kube ngcono ukuhlanza. |
| Ukuhlanzeka | Ivumela amakhanda e-mop ukuthi ahlanzwe ngokubulala amagciwane noma ahlanzwe ngaphandle kokulimala, okugcina amazinga okuhlanza ahlanzekile. |
Ikhanda le-mop elijikelezayo elingu-360 degrees livumela ukufinyelela ezindaweni eziqinile, linciphisa izindawo ezifile. Izibambo ezilula nezine-telescoping zithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuhlanza futhi zinciphise ukukhathala. Amakhanda e-mop avame ukukhanyiswa nge-gamma futhi afakwe izikhwama ezimbili ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokucubungula i-aseptic.
Ukuhambisana Kohlaka Nesibambo
Izinto zohlaka kanye nezibambo kumele zisekele kokubili ukuqina kanye nokuhambisana. Insimbi engagqwali inikeza indawo ecwebezelayo, ukukwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo isikhathi eside, kanye nokumelana nezibulala-magciwane, okwenza ifaneleke ezindaweni ezihlanzekile. I-Aluminium inikeza inketho elula, ehlelekile yokuhlanza izindonga nophahla. Amafreyimu epulasitiki kanye nezibambo zisebenza kahle ezindaweni zokuhlanza ezingaqinile ngenxa yokumelana nokuguguleka kwazo kanye nokuhambisana namakhemikhali okuhlanza avamile.
| Izinto | Izakhiwo Eziyinhloko Nokufaneleka | Ukuthobela imithetho kanye nezindinganiso | Icala Lokusetshenziswa Okuvamile Ezindaweni Ezilawulwayo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Insimbi engagqwali | Ubuso obucwebezelayo, buyakwazi ukuzibamba isikhathi eside, bumelana nezibulala-magciwane | I-ISO5 Class 100, ehambisana ne-GMP | Ifaneleka kakhulu ezindaweni ezihlanzekile, ozimele bokumopha kanye nezibambo |
| I-Aluminium | Ilula, iyakwazi ukubopha ngokuzenzakalelayo, i-ergonomic | Kufanelekela izindawo ezihlanzekile | Ilungele ukuhlanza izindonga nophahla ezindaweni ezihlanzekile |
| Ipulasitiki | Ilula, ayigugi, ayigugi, iyahambisana namakhemikhali okuhlanza avamile | Ihambisana ne-ISO6 Class 1000, i-autoclavability elinganiselwe | Kufanelekela amakamelo okuhlanza angaqinile kangako, ozimele bokusula kanye nezibambo |
Izinhlelo zokushintsha okusheshayo ezishintshayo nezingenamathuluzi, njenge-PurMop, zithuthukisa ukulawulwa kokungcola kanye nokulula kokusetshenziswa.
Ukumelana Kwamakhemikhali Nokubulala Amagciwane
Izinto zokuhlanza ezilahlwayo kumele zimelane nokuwohloka ngenxa yokuchayeka ngokuphindaphindiwe ezihlanzini zokuhlanza ezivamile. Izimbozo ze-mop ezisekelwe ku-polyester kanye namakhanda zigcina ubuqotho bazo uma zisetshenziswa ne-isopropyl alcohol engcolile, i-hydrogen peroxide, i-bleach, ama-compounds e-quaternary ammonium, kanye nezixazululo ze-phenolic. Ihadiwe ye-mop eyakhiwe ngensimbi engagqwali, i-aluminium, noma ipulasitiki imelana nokuhlanza okuphindaphindiwe kanye nokuchayeka kumakhemikhali. Izimbozo ze-mop ezifakwe nge-gamma-radiation kanye nezipakishwe ngazinye zisiza ukugcina ukuhlanza.
Izifundo zesayensi zibonisa ukuthi ama-mop e-microfiber aphinde asetshenziswe ahlanzwa agcina izinsalela zezibulala-magciwane kanye nezinsipho, ezingabopha noma zivale amakhemikhali ezibulala-magciwane, ikakhulukazi amakhemikhali e-quaternary ammonium. Ama-mop e-microfiber alahlwayo enziwe ngemicu ye-polyester abonisa ukubopha okuncane kwe-quat, okugcina umsebenzi wokubulala amagciwane ngempumelelo enkulu. Ukuqina kwe-polyester kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-mop igcina ubuqotho bayo besakhiwo kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuhlanza ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa. Izinhlelo ze-mop ezilahlwayo nazo zinciphisa izingozi zokungcoliswa okuwelanayo ngokuba ukusetshenziswa kanye kanye nokusetshenziswa okuncane.
Qaphela: Izinto zokuhlanza akufanele zonakalise, zilahle imicu, noma zishiye izinsalela lapho zivezwa kuma-disinfectants. Ukuhambisana nezinqubo zokuhlanza kubalulekile ekugcineni indawo engenazo izinto ezingcolisayo.
Izidingo Ezikhethekile Zokusebenzisa I-Mop Elahlwayo
Amagumbi okuhlanza emithi kanye nezinye izindawo ezilawulwayo zidinga izinqubo eziqinile zokusebenzisa i-mop elahlwayo. Izikhungo kumele zikhethe izinto zokuhlanza ezilahla izinhlayiya eziphansi kakhulu, njenge-microfiber noma i-polyester ehlanganisiwe. Izinto zokuhlanza kumele zihambisane nezibulala-magciwane ezisetshenziselwa ukugwema ukubola nokugcina ukusebenza kahle kokuhlanza. Emakilasini aphezulu e-ISO cleanroom, ama-mop anemiphetho evaliwe ngokushisa kanye nezinqubo zokuhlanza ezinezikhwama ezimbili zinciphisa ukungcola.
- Ukumanzisa amakhanda e-mop ngaphambi kokusebenzisa izixazululo zokubulala amagciwane kunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlayiya ngesikhathi sokuhlanza.
- Izinhlelo ezinamabhakede amabili zivimbela ukungcoliswa okuhlukahlukene ngokuhlukanisa izixazululo zokuhlanza nezokuhlanza.
- Usayizi wekhanda le-mop kanye nokwakhiwa kwalo kufanele kuhambisane nokuhlukaniswa kwegumbi lokuhlanza kanye nohlobo lobuso bephansi.
- Amafreyimu nezinto zokwakha ezikhipha umoya ezinganyakazi zivimbela ukukhishwa kwegesi ezindaweni ezizwela i-ESD.
- Izinqubo eziqinile zokuhlanza izingubo, ezivame ukubandakanya izinsizakalo zokuhlanza igumbi lokuhlanza, zigcina ukuhlanzeka kwe-mop kanye nokungachithi izinhlayiya.
- Ukushintshanisa njalo nokushintsha ama-mop ngokwezinga lokungcola kanye nokugcwala kuqinisekisa ukulahla ngesikhathi.
- Ukuqeqeshwa okuphelele kwabasebenzi bokuhlanza ngokukhetha, ukusebenzisa kanye nokulahla i-mop efanele kukhuthaza ukulawulwa kokungcola okuqhubekayo.
- Izikhungo kufanele zihlole njalo futhi zivumelanise izinqubo zokuhlanza ukuze zihambisane nezindinganiso ezishintshashintshayo zegumbi lokuhlanza.
I-Callout: Ukusebenzisa amaphethini okuhlanza aqondiswe ngqo kuqinisekisa ukumbozwa kahle kwephansi futhi kuvimbela ukusabalalisa ukungcola.
Ukucatshangelwa kwezindleko nakho kudlala indima. Izixazululo ze-mop ezilahlwayo kungaba nezindleko zokuqala eziphezulu kodwa kungaba ngcono kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngokunciphisa izindleko zokuhlanza izingubo, amahora okusebenza, kanye nezindleko ezihlobene nokutheleleka. Izinkontileka zokuthenga ngobuningi zezinto ezilahlwayo zinganciphisa izindleko zeyunithi ngayinye futhi zithuthukise ukuphathwa kwempahla.
Ukufanisa Izinhlobo Ze-Mop Ezilahlwayo Nezidingo Zegumbi Lokuhlanza
Ukuqondanisa izixazululo ze-mop nezidingo zegumbi lokuhlanza kunciphisa ingozi yokungcola futhi kusekela ukuthobela imithetho. Izikhungo ziyazuza ezimbozweni ze-mop ezihlanzekile ezenziwe ngezinto ezingachithi, izinhlelo ze-mopping ezingathinti, kanye nehadiwe eyenzelwe amazinga egumbi lokuhlanza.
- Amakhanda okusula afaniswe nekilasi legumbi lokuhlanza kanye nohlobo lobuso kusiza ekugcineni inhlanzeko.
- Ukumanzisa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, izinhlelo zokufaka amabhakede amabili, kanye nokushintshanisa njalo i-mop kuvimbela ukungcoliswa okuhlukahlukene.
- Ukuqeqeshwa kanye nokubuyekezwa kwephrothokholi kuqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho njalo.
Ukuhlolwa njalo kwezinqubo zokuhlanza kusiza izikhungo ukuba zivumelane nezindinganiso ezishintshayo futhi zigcine ukusebenza kahle.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Yini eyenza i-mop elahlwayo ifanele ukusetshenziswa endlini yokuhlanza?
I-mop elahlwayo kumele ilahle izinhlayiya ezincane, imelane namakhemikhali, futhi ihlangabezane nezindinganiso zegumbi lokuhlanza. Izinsiza zikhetha izinto ezifana i-microfiber noma i-polyester ukuze kulandelwe imithetho kanye nokulawula ukungcola.
Icebiso: Hlola njalo izitifiketi zomkhiqizo ngaphambi kokuthenga.
Izikhungo kufanele zithathe indawo kangaki amakhanda e-mop alahlwayo?
Izindawo zishintsha amakhanda okuhlanza ngemva kweseshini ngayinye yokuhlanza noma uma kungcolile ngokubonakalayo. Ukushintsha njalo kuvimbela ukungcoliswa okuxubile futhi kugcina ubuqotho begumbi lokuhlanza.
| Ikilasi Legumbi Lokuhlanza | Imvamisa Yokufaka Ephakanyisiwe Enconyiwe |
|---|---|
| I-ISO 1–5 | Ngemva kokusetshenziswa ngakunye |
| I-ISO 6–8 | Nsuku zonke noma uma kungcolile |
Ingabe ama-mop angasetshenziswa nazo zonke izibulali-magciwane?
Ama-mop amaningi alahlwayo asebenza nezibulala-magciwane ezivamile njenge-isopropyl alcohol, i-hydrogen peroxide, kanye nama-quat. Njalo qinisekisa ukuhambisana kwamakhemikhali neziqondiso zomkhiqizi.
Qaphela: Amakhemikhali angahambisani angonakalisa izinto zokuhlanza futhi anciphise ukusebenza kahle kokuhlanza.
